I would like to see some ready-made sources for 2016 CBSA-level data. Until then, I suggest using county-level sources and aggregating them to CSBACBSA-level. For this, you can combine cross-walks listed in your link or, possibly easier, use this cross-walk from Jean Roth provided at NBER. Given the excellent .csv and .dta files the aggregation should be straightforward.
As for data: For the county-level, the American FactFinder provides a promising compilation. I found very detailed 2016 data on several of the topics you requested. Two examples:
Comparative Economic Characteristics (Source ID CP03, ACS 1 year survey 2016) with, for example, the income distribution as well as mean and median income.
Unemployment (Source ID S2301, ACS 1 year survey 2016) with unemployment rates split by age group.