I would like to see some data sources for CBSA-level. Until then, I suggest using the following county-level sources and aggregating them to CSBA-level. For this, you can combine cross-walks listed in your link or, possibly more straightforward, use this cross-walk from Jean Roth provided at NBER.
For the county-level, the American FactFinder provides a promising compilation. I found very detailed 2016 data on several of the topics you requested. Two examples:
Comparative Economic Characteristics (Source ID CP03, ACS 1 year survey 2016)
with, for example, the income distribution as well as mean and median income.
Unemployment (Source ID S2301, ACS 1 year survey 2016)
with unemployment rates split by age group.