MIMIC initiative provides a dataset (deceased patients) that has vitals, Diagnoses, Medications and several other domains.
Updated link (2021) https://mimic.physionet.org/gettingstarted/demo/
Original answer links http://physionet.org/mimic2/demo/ http://physionet.org/mimic2/demo/mimic2dead.sql.gz
Another option is synthea (synthetic data) or OHDSI package Eunomia.